Road to Resistance: Unveiling the Struggle of Jeepney Drivers Against Modernization
By Isaiah Robin Gutierrez, Sofia Lou Magtalas, Jamie Anne Santos
In the lively streets of the Philippines, where the jeepneys are being crowned as a symbol of the country’s rich culture, change is making its way. At this core, lies a nation attempting to strike a struggling balance between adhering to traditions and embracing the future.
The Jeepney Phase-out constitutes a significant transformation in the process of giving out Public Utility Vehicle (PUV) franchises and organizing transportation routes. It is part of a more extensive initiative known as PUV Modernization Program (PUVMP), a multi-phase program that aims to deliver safer, more efficient, and rigorously regulated modes of transport for public commuters. While commonly linked to jeepneys, the PUVMP encompasses all forms of 4 to 6-wheeled passenger transport operating on the roads. Operators of jeepneys who do not meet the consolidation deadline by December 31 will forfeit their franchise and the chance to operate routes.
The PUVMP was initially conceptualized way back in 2017 with a planned rollout in 2020 but has faced repeated delays. These setbacks are linked to a series of strikes by the transport sector, the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and various assessments conducted by the government.
Jeepneys have been operating in the Philippines since 1930 and are known for being the “Hari ng Kalsada.” Unsurprisingly, these vehicles have evolved into a foundation of the country’s cultural icon and embodying a cultural icon and symbol of creativity. However, Jeepneys have hit several criticisms from the government due to issues such as lack of maintenance, poor safety record, and lack of compensation for affected passengers in case of accidents. These numerous issues have been raised with the government, prompting the collaboration of concerned agencies — Department of Transportation (DoTR), Land Transportation Office (LTO), Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB), and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) — to collectively devise a solution. This solution materializes in the form of the PUVMP.
However, the push for modernization clashes with the affection for traditional jeepneys. It mirrors a tug-of-war between holding onto the rich heritage and transitioning to a more technologically advanced means of travel.
In navigating through the intricacies, rationales behind the call for modernization will uncover and, ideally, discover a shared route where tradition and progress harmoniously ride into the future.
Understanding Grievances: The Challenges of Jeepney Phaseout
The comprehensive PUV Modernization Program entails several stages: retiring outdated vehicles that no longer meet roadworthiness and emissions standards, reassessing and restructuring routes, franchises, and the roles of involved vehicles, and implementing new systems and standards for vehicles serving the public.
The aim of this program is to consolidate those public utility vehicles into just four standardized classes. To obtain a franchise, drivers and operators must establish cooperatives or corporations and register with the LTFRB, with each cooperative needing a minimum of 15 PUV units. In facilitating this transition, the government has introduced a financing package known as 5–6–7–8: a 5-percent down payment, a 6-percent interest rate, a 7-year repayment period, and a subsidy of P80,000 per unit.
However, the plan was initially complex and too extensive in nature. Primarily, it changes the system in which drivers and operators are used to.
The government is providing a subsidy for each modern jeepney, initially set at P160,000 but now potentially reaching P360,000. However, P360,000 represents only 28% of the total cost of a modern jeepney, which is priced at P1.3 million. Moreover, the total subsidy required for each modern jeepney would amount to P64.2 billion. The question arises: with the current substantial budget deficit of the Marcos government, where will the funds come from to cover this amount?
Moreover, even if the old jeepneys are phased out from our roads, resulting in a rational decrease in carbon emissions and greenhouse gasses, the overall impact would be minimal at best. A Rappler report reveals that jeepneys make up only 2 percent of the total registered vehicles in the Philippines. Thus, old jeepneys are not the primary contributors to carbon emissions on our highways.
Furthermore, the complete phase-out of old jeepneys from the roads could lead to a shortage of vehicles to cater to the daily transportation needs of thousands of commuters. This is likely because numerous jeepney drivers and operators may contemplate closing down their operations and seeking alternative livelihoods. Consequently, this could contribute to increased traffic congestion, worsening the daily commuting challenges faced by the public.
Voices of the Drivers: The Impact of Modernization on the Operators
As the government works on a comprehensive plan to modernize transportation, attention is turned towards the individuals who operate these familiar vehicles — the jeepney operators. Concerning the consolidation deadline set for December 31, numerous drivers and operators voiced their dissent, as it will cause them more burden.
Pinagkaisang Samahan ng mga Tsuper at Operaytors Nationwide (PISTON) President, Mody Floranda stated her disagreement to the December 31 due date.
“Ang magsusuffer niyan hindi lang operator and driver kundi mismo ang ating mga mananakay at mamamayan,” said Floranda.
(Those who will suffer from that are not only the operator and driver but also our passengers and citizens themselves.)
Led by drivers from the United Calumpit Jeepney Operators and Drivers Association (UCAJODA) — MANIBELA, a jeepney transport strike was organized last November 22, in front of the Bulacan Provincial Capitol. This event is part of a three-day widespread movement aimed at raising awareness about the impending government plan for jeepney modernization from November 21–23, 2023.
Jay-R Fernandez, a member of MANIBELA, expressed his disagreement with the PUV modernization program as he claimed that some modern jeepneys are prone to breakage compared to the traditional ones.
“‘Yong mga modern jeep na ’yan, ilang araw lang sira na. Iyong iba nga tignan niyo bago lang pero halos bulok na lalo sa may gawing Pampanga,” he stated.
(Those modern jeeps break down after just a few days. Some of them, if you look closely, may seem new, but are almost dilapidated, especially those in Pampanga. Compare that to our current jeeps that have been in service for several years but are still operational.)
In contrast to the claim of the government that traditional jeepneys lack maintenance and poor safety record, Fernandez claimed that some jeepneys are already in their 20 years but still roadworthy due to proper maintenance.
“Mostly naman sa mga jeep ngayon ay matitibay pa. Kaya lang naman nagkakaproblema sa iba dahil hindi mapaayos nang maayos dahil walang pang-maintenance — walang pera,” he stated.
(Most of the jeeps nowadays are still sturdy. However, the problem arises for some because they cannot be properly repaired due to a lack of maintenance funds — no money.)
“Kaya ‘yon ‘yung sinusulong namin, dapat may tulong na ibinibigay ‘yong gobyerno [para sa maintenance] kaysa palitan nang buo kasi masyadong mahal,” Fernandez added.
(So, that’s what we’re pushing for; the government should provide assistance for maintenance rather than replacing the entire unit because it’s too expensive.)
To provide assistance to the jeepney drivers, the administration mandates jeepney drivers to consolidate by creating cooperatives or corporations. As of October 31, government records indicate that 56.37% of the total nationwide jeepney units, specifically 95,869 out of 170,086, have been consolidated into corporations and cooperatives. However, establishing these also includes expenses. Furthermore, a cooperative can only purchase a limited number of modern jeepneys, which may result in an excess of drivers within a cooperative sharing a limited number of vehicles. This is also a potential risk to the drivers’ income.
According to Alvin Cristobal, who operated the Malolos-Meycauayan, Bulacan jeepney route for 11 years, they joined the cooperatives initiated by the government to ensure the safety of their route.
“Sumali lang kami [sa cooperatives] para makasiguro sa ruta namin, pero against pa rin kami sa phaseout. Para sa amin mas matibay pa rin ‘yong traditional jeep natin.” he expressed.
(We joined the cooperative to secure our route, but we are still against the phaseout. For us, the traditional jeepney is still “We joined the cooperative just to secure our route, but we are still against the phaseout. For us, our traditional jeepneys are still stronger.)
“Masyado kasing mahal. Hindi kaya ng pang-araw-araw na kita namin ‘yong pagpapalit ng unit,” Cristobal added. He also said that he didn’t believe in the 280,000–360,000 pesos subsidy.
(It’s too expensive. The daily income we have is not enough to afford the replacement of the unit.)
In line with this, Damian Sarmiento, a 55-year-old driver operating on the Sta. Maria-Malolos, Bulacan route, voices apprehension about the potential 2.8 million pesos loan associated with each modernized unit.
“Ngayon na may sarili kaming unit at prangkisa, wala kaming utang. Kung kailan tumatanda na kami, tsaka kami magkakaroon ng ganoong kalaking utang, paano naman namin ‘yon mababayaran?” Sarmiento stated.
(Now that we have our own unit and franchise, we don’t have any debt. Just when we’re getting older, that’s when we’ll have such a huge debt — how are we supposed to pay that?)
He also mentioned that they did not join the strike due to their cooperative membership.
“Hinihigpitan kami ng gobyerno na kapag sumama kami, matatanggalan kami ng prangkisa. Kahit gusto namin sumama, hindi kami makasama,” he expressed.
(The government restricts us, saying that if we join, our franchise will be revoked. Even if we want to join, we are unable to.)
PISTON and MANIBELA — two of the known transport groups in the country, also strongly oppose the December 31 deadline for PUV consolidation, stating that it could lead to the loss of livelihoods for jeepney operators and drivers who are unprepared for the government’s transport modernization program. Due to this, drivers and operators plan to initiate another nationwide strike from December 18 to 29, 2023, as the previous strike on December 14–15 got no response from the administration.
The announcement comes on the second day of a two-day transportation strike, as traffic in Metro Manila and surrounding areas is anticipated to worsen during the Christmas holiday rush.
“Itong araw na ito, simula pa lang ng tigil-pasada. Sa susunod na linggo, ang PISTON at MANIBELA, ay magtutuloy-tuloy sa tigil-pasada, isang linggo hanggang Pasko, o hanggang matapos itong taon,” stated MANIBELA President Mar Valbuena to reporters.
However, the Bulacan Federation of Jeepney Operators and Drivers Association (BFJODA) will not participate in the strike. The previous strike in November caused them some inconvenience, as certain jeepney drivers were compelling their peers to join the strike by stopping them while they were driving.
Mang Eduardo, a jeepney driver from Hagonoy, expressed his frustration as they wanted to participate in the strike but couldn’t afford to risk their daily earnings.
“Naiintindihan namin ‘yong hinaing ng kapwa drayber namin kahit kami against talaga diyan sa modernization. Ang kaso, kapag hindi kami bumyahe, wala talaga kaming kakainin.”
(We understand the grievances of our fellow drivers, even though we are really against modernization. The problem is, if we don’t operate our vehicles, we won’t have anything to eat.)
Stance to the Strike: The Government’s Response
The PUVMP’s primary goal is to standardize public transportation by categorizing vehicles into four classes. Collaborating with the Truck Manufacturer’s Association (TMA), the DTI’s Bureau of Philippine Standards (BPS) introduced a Philippine National Standard (PNS 2126:2017). This standard specifies dimensional constraints for PUVs, covering aspects such as seating arrangement, capacity, maximum mass, overall dimensions, and age limit, ensuring that no part of the vehicle exceeds 15 years.
Class 1, intended to replace multi-cab passenger vehicles in smaller cities, adheres to size limitations comparable to an average car. Class 2, targeting jeepney replacement, accommodates a maximum of 22 passengers with side-facing seats, ample headroom for standing passengers, and requires appropriate bars and handles, along with a side-loading door. Class 3 is designed for inter-city transport, replacing minibusses, and requiring forward-facing seating with restraints. Class 4, linking rural towns to larger cities, includes provisions for cargo and forward-facing seats for all passengers.
Additionally, these vehicles must be equipped with dash cams, speed limiters, CCTV cameras, and an automatic fare collection system to eliminate the need for manual change handling by the driver.
In line with the modernization, the government, particularly President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. and the LTFRB, has clearly communicated its stance regarding the ongoing transport strike and the concerns raised by transport groups.
President Marcos Jr., in a press release, asserted the government’s decision not to extend the December 31, 2023 deadline for the consolidation of public utility vehicles (PUV) operators. He emphasized the importance of adhering to the current timeline, stating:
“Adhering to the current timeline ensures that everyone can reap the benefits of the full operationalization of our modernized public transport system. Hence, the scheduled timeline will not be moved.”
The President highlighted that a significant majority, 70% of all operators, have already committed to and consolidated under the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP), emphasizing the government’s commitment to moving forward despite opposition from some quarters.
The President also mentioned the need to prevent further delays caused by a minority of operators, expressing concern for the impact on other operators, financial institutions, and the public.
“We cannot let the minority cause further delays, affecting the majority of our operators, banks, financial institutions, and the public at large,” he added.
Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista echoed this sentiment, emphasizing the government’s determination to stick to the December 31 deadline. Bautista pointed out that the deadline had already been extended four times, and the administration is keen on sticking to the current schedule. The government’s position reflects its belief that the set timeline is crucial for the successful implementation of the PUVMP and the realization of its intended benefits.
In addressing concerns raised by transport groups, the LTFRB clarified several key points. They confirmed that forming a cooperative is sufficient, dispelling fears of a jeepney phase-out. The regulatory board also highlighted that the purchase of modernized jeepneys is not mandatory, and traditional jeepneys can still operate as long as they meet roadworthy standards. Despite these clarifications, the LTFRB maintained the December 31 deadline for consolidation.
LTFRB spokesperson Celine Pialago emphasized that the consolidation deadline is “non-negotiable” and will proceed as scheduled by the end of the year.
The government’s response underscores its commitment to the PUVMP and the modernization of public transportation. While recognizing the concerns of some transport groups, the government remains resolute in its decision to proceed with the consolidation process and the associated deadlines.
Elimination of ‘Hari ng Kalsada’: Effects on the Commuters
Despite the anticipated benefits of the jeepney phaseout or modernization, such as a reduction in air pollution and the provision of a safer and more comfortable transportation option for passengers, there are several important considerations to take into account.
Firstly, it is expected that fares will increase by a minimum of 35 pesos, placing a financial burden on passengers as drivers strive to earn enough for their families. Secondly, the country stands to lose the symbolic value of traditional jeepneys, which are internationally recognized as part of the Philippines’ identity. Preserving this cultural emblem is crucial.
Anya from Hagonoy, Bulacan, expressed a sense of sadness and disappointment when contemplating the fate of traditional jeepneys, along with their operators and drivers. Having relied on public utility vehicles (PUVs) since childhood, the impending changes feel like the loss of a significant part of her life. Furthermore, she empathizes with the numerous drivers who will bear the brunt of modernization, asserting that one doesn’t need to be highly intelligent to recognize the widespread suffering caused by these developments.
“Grabe lang kasi yung pasakit ng gusto nilang gawin sa mga jeepney, kaya nga kahit mahirap at ‘di naman malaki yung kita sa araw-araw, nagtatrabaho yung drivers kasi dun nalang sila kumukuha ng pangkain e,” Anya stated.
(The burden they want to impose on jeepneys is just too much. Even though the daily earnings are not substantial and the work is challenging, drivers continue to work because that’s where they get their livelihood for meals.)
“Tapos gusto pa ng gobyerno, mabaon sila sa utang para lang makakuha ng e-jeep? Para na rin silang tinanggalan ng trabaho, at mas lalo pa silang binigyan ng problema,” she added.
(Then the government wants them to bury themselves in debt just to get an e-jeep? It’s like they’re being stripped of their jobs, and they’re being burdened with even more problems.)
Modernized vehicles could also potentially limit access to transportation for various sectors in the country, irrespective of their socioeconomic status. This inequality in access might exacerbate existing disparities and hinder progress toward a more inclusive and accessible transportation system.
Mimi, a resident of Pandi, Bulacan, conveyed that the existing challenges of navigating through various locations are already substantial due to widespread traffic and ongoing road constructions. The potential scarcity of modernized jeepneys, given that many drivers and operators may struggle to acquire them, is expected to intensify the difficulty of commuting not only for Mimi and her family but for the entire community.
Moreover, it’s worth considering the potential environmental impact of manufacturing new vehicles for the modernization process. The production of new vehicles contributes to resource consumption and carbon emissions, which should be weighed against the environmental benefits of reduced air pollution from older jeepneys.
On the other hand, Joshua, a student from Bulacan State University who commutes every day from Calumpit shared his perspective regarding the PUV modernization program of the government.
“Para sa’kin, mas comfortable ako sa mga e-jeep, hindi mainit, tapos hindi rin gaanong siksikan kagaya ng mga jeep natin ngayon.” he stated during an interview.
(For me, I find e-jeeps more comfortable, they’re not hot, and they’re also not as crowded as the traditional jeepneys.)
“Kapag [traditional] jeep kasi, papasok ka palang sa school pero parang pauwi ka na sa init at gitgitan lalo kapag rush hour. Tapos ‘yong e-jeep, mae-ensure natin ‘yong safety ng mga commuters kasi bago ‘yong makinarya,” he added.
Altogether, a comprehensive evaluation of the social, cultural, economic, and environmental implications is essential when considering the jeepney phaseout or modernization. Balancing progress with the preservation of cultural heritage and addressing broader systemic issues is crucial for a sustainable and equitable transportation future.
Call for Dialogue: The Key to Positive Change
In the Philippines, where jeepneys stand as cherished cultural symbols, the tension between tradition and modernization is on another level. The Jeepney Phaseout, an aspect of the PUVMP, aims to reshape public transportation, pledging safety, efficiency, and stringent regulations. However, this transformation has encountered resistance from jeepney operators and drivers who fear the loss of their livelihoods and the fading of a cultural icon.
The government’s commitment to the December 31 consolidation deadline highlights the imperative of a modernized public transport system. Despite challenges raised by transport groups, President Marcos Jr. and Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista emphasize the significance of adhering to the established timeline.
Jeepney operators and drivers are important participants in working positively with the government. They are actively looking for solutions that solve their problems while also supporting the goals of modernization. Working together, like exploring different ways to get funds and asking for more help from the government, is crucial to protect their jobs.
Acknowledging the genuine apprehensions of jeepney operators, the government should reassess the financial implications of the modernization plan. Exploring sustainable funding sources and providing clearer pathways for cooperative establishments can foster a more inclusive and cooperative transition.
Despite government efforts to convey the advantages of modernizing jeepneys for the environment and the nation, it is essential to recognize existing gaps that require attention.
Rather than phasing out traditional jeepneys, a more viable approach would be to allocate funds for their maintenance. Many of the country’s jeeps have faithfully served Filipinos for decades, demonstrating their resilience and durability compared to newer models that quickly show signs of wear and tear. Instead of abandoning the tradition of jeepneys, investing in their enhancement and safety through a dedicated budget would be a more prudent choice.
Emphasize the implementation of enduring solutions instead of temporary fixes. Simply modernizing and addressing perceived issues may not lead to a comprehensive resolution if fundamental problems are overlooked. This includes addressing persistent but unsuccessful road and bridge construction projects.
Additionally, it is also helpful to explore alternative ways to contribute to environmental preservation without necessarily phasing out traditional jeepneys. Reports indicate that while eliminating old jeepneys from the roads may result in a legitimate reduction of carbon emissions and greenhouse gases, the overall impact is minimal. It is essential to recognize that numerous factors contribute to environmental degradation, and focusing solely on jeepneys may not address the larger issue. According to the BBC, private transport remains a significant source of greenhouse gases globally, with emissions on the rise each year.
Moreover, it is important to promote public awareness and education on eco-friendly practices as it aims to empower individuals to make environmentally conscious choices. This can involve campaigns highlighting the benefits of sustainable transportation, waste reduction, and energy conservation. Educational initiatives could also emphasize the collective impact of individual actions, fostering a sense of responsibility and environmental stewardship among the general population.
Furthermore, a balanced approach that respects the cultural heritage, supports the livelihoods of operators, and ensures accessible and environmentally friendly transportation for all is vital for a successful and harmonious implementation of the PUV Modernization Program.
In the end, good communication must be established before embracing a modernized yet culture-based country.
