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Dissertation at Tokyo University
The Spanish Community in the Philippines, 1935-1939. The impact of the War in Spain and the preparations for Philippine Independence in its evolution and identity2007 •
Spanish War in the Philippines had many peculiarities, the most important being the confrontation inside the rebels. The traditionalist-reactionary group led by tycoon Andres Soriano, owner of San Miguel brewery among other companies endured strong disputes . against the Fascist group led by Martin Pou y Rosello, a former socialist who had befriended Federico Garcia Lorca and Dali, changing later to Fascism.
Filipino Military Leader
ARTEMIO RICARTE Y GARCÍA (20 Oct 1866 – 31 Jul 1945)General Artemio Ricarte, who adopted the nom-de-guerre “Vibora” or viper, is honored every 20th of October in remembrance of his stalwart loyalty to the motherland when he refused to surrender to colonial powers of Spain and the United States. He was born in 1866 in Batac, Ilocos Norte to Esteban Ricarte y Faustino and Bonifacia Garcia y Rigonan. Despite not being born to a well-to-do family, Ricarte persevered in order to earn his Certificate of Maestro de Instruccion Primaria from the Escuela Normal in 1890, allowing him to become a teacher of Spanish in San Francisco de Malabon in Cavite (now known as General Trias, Cavite). However, when the revolution gained traction, Ricarte did not hesitate to participate; he became part of the Katipunan, the organization at the forefront of the revolutionary struggle against Spanish colonial power, and was appointed treasurer of the Sangguniang Balangay Nang Bayan Mapagtiis, the popular council of San Francisco de Malabon. When the first uprising of the Cavite broke out in San Francisco de Malabon on 31 August 1896, Ricarte was among those who fought against the Guardia Civil and successfully recaptured the town. Following this success, Ricarte was appointed as one of the two brigadier generals or Tagausig Digma of the Magdiwang Council. During the Tejeros Convention on 22 March 1897, he was elected Capitan-General of the Revolutionary Government. As Capitan-General of Aguinaldo’s revolutionary government, Ricarte led several battles against the Spanish forces in the province of Southern Luzon including Cavite, Laguna, and Batangas. His unwavering dedication to his role as a leader did not falter until Aguinaldo agreed to sign the Pact of Biyak-na-bato on 15 December 1987. Ricarte, however, was dubious of the American’s intent and was one of the few who warned Aguinaldo that the Americans are more dangerous enemies that the Spanish. It did not take long for the Philippine-American war to break out. General Ricarte led the Filipinos in several battles against the Americans including the Battle of Zapote Bridge in Cavite on 13 June 1899, which he led together with General Mariano Noriel. In June of 1900, he was captured by the Americans at Paco Bridge and was departed to Guam together with Apolinario Mabini when he refuse to swear allegiance to the United States. As a Filipino Military Leader, in 1920, he emphasize to the Filipino youth that they are called to build the future frontier - of future prosperity and prosperity; they are the hope and light of our nation; seeing in their face and behavior the foundation of true Silanganin (East), the sign of our great ancestors and the hope of our parents; and begging and imploring the Filipino youth to practice (1) Honesty and love for clean work; (2) develop unity; (3) eliminate prejudice against whites; (4) respect God, elders and teachers, help friends, honor the heroes and martyrs of the people; (5) common behavior and attractive interactions; (6) instill the spirit of self-sacrifice and self-suffering for the sake of the people, and (7) serving the good of others and especially fellow countrymen. For years, Ricarte have been exiled in Hong Kong and Japan before returning to the Philippines in 1941. He was offered several chances by the Americans to return to the Philippines in exchange for his allegiance to the colonial power, however, he remained firm in his refusal to give up his loyalty to his homeland. He stayed in the Philippines until his death on 31 July 1945 in Kalinga, Mountain Province.
2023 •
The Americans did not yet know that the Spanish fleet had already been defeated when Dewey “broke for breakfast”. Toward the end of the morning phase of the battle, several shells hit "Reina Christina". In addition to the shell that destroyed her steering gear, another shell unfortunately hit the compartment that was being used as a hospital, killing many of the already wounded sailors. Another shell hit the ammunition handling room of the aft guns, causing more damage to the steering gear and flooding of the nearby magazines. Fires broke out everywhere, while the broadside guns continued to fire, although only one gunner and one sailor remained unharmed and able to service the guns. Half of the crew was out of action, seven officers were killed, including the commander, Captain Luis Cadarso Rey. Montojo ordered the ship to be scuttled and tried to rescue his men.
2016 •
Luzon at War: Contradictions in Philippine Society, 1898-1902 (with an introduction by Vicente L. Rafael) Milagros Camayon Guerrero Quezon City: Anvil Publishing Inc., 2015, 295p.Luzon at War has been long in coming. As a dissertation at the University of Michigan in 1977, it has eluded Filipino historians for years; that it is finally out as a book is a happy occasion. Prior to the writing of Luzon at War, its author-Milagros Guerrero-has co-written with the celebrated Filipino historian Teodoro Agoncillo the highly influential History of the Filipino People, and has also worked with renowned historian Renato Constantino in the edition of the five-volume compendium The Philippine Insurgent Records. As such, when she arrived in the United States for her graduate studies, wrote Vicente Rafael, she "was already known" as a scholar of the Philippines (p. 3). She has delved into the genre of "history from below" and studied the tumultuous period of the Philippine Rev...
2009 •
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